Juniper is the exclusive food plant of the larvae of some moths and butterflies, including Bucculatrix inusitata, juniper carpet, Chionodes electella, Chionodes viduella, juniper pug, and pine beauty. This can be a valuable identification feature in seedlings, as the otherwise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses ( Cupressus, Chamaecyparis) and other related genera is soft and not prickly. The needle-leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, making the juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. squamata) the needles merge smoothly with the stem. communis), the needles are jointed at the base, while in others (e.g. squamata), all the foliage is of the juvenile needle-like type, with no scale leaves. Leaves on fast-growing 'whip' shoots are often intermediate between juvenile and adult.
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When juvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight. virginiana) have two types of leaves seedlings and some twigs of older trees have needle-like leaves 5–25 mm (0.20–0.98 in) long, and the leaves on mature plants are (mostly) tiny (2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in)), overlapping, and scale-like. ĭetail of Juniperus chinensis shoots, with juvenile (needle-like) leaves (left), and adult scale leaves and immature male cones (right) A few species of junipers bloom in autumn, while most species pollinate from early winter until late spring.
In zones 7 through 10, junipers can bloom and release pollen several times each year. The male cones are similar to those of other Cupressaceae, with six to 20 scales. The seed maturation time varies between species from 6 to 18 months after pollination. In some species, these "berries" are red-brown or orange, but in most they are blue they are often aromatic and can be used as a spice. The female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit-like coalescing scales which fuse together to form a "berry"-like structure ( galbulus), 4–27 mm (0.16–1.06 in) long, with one to 12 unwinged, hard-shelled seeds. They can be either monoecious or dioecious.
They are evergreen with needle-like and/or scale-like leaves. Junipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 20–40 m (66–131 ft) tall, to columnar or low-spreading shrubs with long, trailing branches.
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